Chap. 8 Synergistic Shah Alam

Kristen A. Sanchez et al, (2020) emphasizes that that the air quality is being improved in some cities by targeted urban policy interventions. Kristen A. Sanchez, et.al (2020) stated the increasing of urban population growth, the higher the number of people risk in the traffic-related air pollutant (TRAP). The control method of air pollution is divided in three categories which is source emission control, pollution control equipment, rules and regulations.

Paul et al. (2020) highlighted the concept of liveability has appeared as fundamental for evaluating the degree of living standards in cities. Paul et al. (2020) explored liveability approaches have been carried out form physical aspects, especially transportation options, transit-oriented development and financial supremacies. The three themes identified a significant role of community participation and urban intervention to improve community wellbeing.

Saudi. M, et.al (2017) emphasizes about air pollution cause bad effect on living beings and bring damage to the climate and materials, the urbanization process as the population keep growing cause dropping of air quality in Malaysia. The findings of the research also shows that the air pollution in Shah Alam happen due to high combustion and emission from vehicles. It shows that the number of motor vehicles, industries and other activities is higher, therefor it increases NO2, O3 and PM10 formation and also CO2 emission.

However, Kristen A. Sanchez et al (2020) limited the study systematic evidence map (SEM) in order to identify and characterized the proof of policy intervention that can be used to reduce traffic emission (TRAP). Therefore, based on Kristen A. Sanchez, et.al (2020) , my study recommends extending further studies in detail in reducing traffic emissions and (TRAP) concentrations originating from on-road mobile sources in urban areas. However, this research is only emphasizing on characteristics of liveable cities frameworks for planned cities. Therefore, based on Paul et al, my study will underline the need for a the dynamics of liveability potential to be implemented to bring back social wellbeing accordingly. However this research , humidity and the present temperature can help on reducing the concentration of air pollution but it may become worse by years especially during dry season in Shah Alam. Therefor, based on Saudi. M, et.al (2017) my studies recommended to include minimizing the usage of vehicle transportation in order to control the air pollution in Shah Alam.

In summary , my study recommends extending further studies in detail in reducing traffic emissions and (TRAP) concentrations originating from on-road mobile sources in urban areas. My study follows Paul et al, my study will underline the need for a the dynamics of liveability potential to be implemented to bring back social wellbeing accordingly. Moreover, my studies recommended to include minimizing the usage of vehicle transportation in order to control the air pollution in Shah Alam based on Saudi. M, et.al (2017).

Nasrudin, Nor, Noor & Abdullah (2013) highlighted about Urban Residents’ Awareness and Readiness for Sustainable Transportation Case Study: Shah Alam, Malaysia where the authors analysed deeper into the willingness of the residents for taking into consideration of public transport instead of car usage. Jalalkamali & Ghraei (2012) emphasized about the Cycling Potentials of Malaysian Students in UiTM Campus where the authors researched extensively about the students of UiTM, Shah Alam regarding cycling and the factors affecting cycling as a mode of transportation. Cycling is a highly preferred transport for promoting environment friendly neighbourhood. Nasrudin, Rostam & Noor (2014) accentuated about Barriers and Motivations for Sustainable Travel Behaviour: Shah Alam residents’ perspectives where the authors investigated profoundly into the sustainable travel behaviour of Sham Alam residents in order to determine the ultimate barriers and motivations

Nasrudin, Nor, Noor & Abdullah (2013) stated that the results demonstrate cars as the most preferred mode of transportation in Shah Alam instead of public transport. This is because it is the choice of the car users for the usage of cars frequently and not the necessity that results in traffic congestion. Therefore, it is highly recommended to adapt and promote the attractive feature of cars in public transport for the willingness of residents to incorporate sustainable mode of transportation. There were policies promoted such as road taxes and elimination of fuel subsidiaries to reduce the usage of cars.

Jalalkamali & Ghraei (2012) stated that the results demonstrate there are significant alterations that need to accommodate the requirement of the users to promote cycling. These include pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments such as bike lanes on main streets, bike parking, urban bike trail system, pedestrian crossings and associated master plans. In addition, providing shades in walkways for the comfort of the user would be very beneficial to promote cycling.

Nasrudin, Rostam & Noor (2014) stated that the results demonstrate the residents of Shah Alam have a higher preference to travel by car instead of walking and cycling. This is because the residents have significant requirements in order to incorporate sustainable travel behaviour in their daily life which include external factors such as surrounding safety, satisfactory cycling tracks and pedestrian lanes. Majority of residents enjoy travelling by car even for short trips to grocery store and recreational purposes based on their lifestyle pattern.

However, Nasrudin, Nor, Noor & Abdullah limited the study to questionnaire in detail regarding cars and usage of cars in households using stratified random sampling method. However, Jalalkamali & Ghraei limited the study to questionnaire in detail concerning students. However, Nasrudin, Rostam & Noor limited the study to questionnaire in detail using stratified random sampling method which requires ample time.

Therefore, based on Nasrudin, Nor, Noor & Abdullah (2013), my study recommends extending further studies in detail regarding the features to adapt in public transport in order to encourage sustainable mode of transportation among the residents of Shah Alam. Public transport can be an intervention for less car usage and reduce traffic congestion. Therefore, based on Jalalkamali & Ghraei (2012), my study recommends extending further studies in detail regarding the residents of Shah Alam to boost environment friendly neighborhood. Therefore, based on Nasrudin, Rostam & Noor (2014), my study recommends to interview people to understand more efficiently about the psychological and perceptional behavior of people for improving the adaptability of sustainable travel behavior, to reduce traffic congestion and develop traffic infrastructure.

In summary, my study proposes to further extend studies in detail proposing the features that can accommodate the public transport in accordance to the user’s preference and satisfaction level. My study recommends conducting perceptive research extensively among the residents of Shah Alam to boost environment friendly neighborhood. Additionally, my study will follow Nasrudin, Rostam & Noor (2014) implementation of survey assessment in a project in Shah Alam with the additional requirements of amending the time frame. Moreover, my study reinforces to interview people for advanced understanding of the psychological and perceptional behavior regarding transport infrastructure.

According to Eduardo et.al (2019), Optimising Real-World Traffic Cycle Programs by Using Evolutionary Computation where the author probes deep into important problems in cities which are Traffic congestion, and the consequent loss of time, money, quality of life, and higher pollution. Eduardo et.al (2019) stated that several approaches have been proposed to reduce important problems in cities but it becomes much harder to solve in comparison to previous formulations. The results show that the previous application of diversity-based multi-objective optimizers, which have shown to provide promising results when addressing single-objective problems. The wide experimental evaluation provides new state-of-the-art algorithmic schemes to address the traffic light scheduling problem that can deal with a whole city, instead of just a few streets and junctions. However, Eduardo et.al (2019) Just focusing his study only to an application that providing state of the art algorithmic. Therefore, based on Eduardo et.al (2019) my study recommends to stick on the previous application of diversity-based multi-objective optimizers and implement new Interventions to reduce traffic congestion such as Optimise traffic-light management, use CCTV to monitor road conditions, enforce existing road traffic laws, etc.

In another study regarding to sustainable circulation, Pucher & Buehler (2010) wrote about walking and cycling for healthy cities by summarizing the benefits with scientific evident and describing government policies for a safe and convenient infrastructure. Pucher & Buehler (2010) stated that safe convenient infrastructure that includes cycling infrastructure, integrated with public transportation, mixed use developments, people-friendly urban design, improving traffic education and regulations that can be utilised for a healthier cities and calming traffic movement. However, Pucher & Buehler (2010) emphasized on the efforts without considering investment that is one of the important factors in improvising the infrastructure for healthier and safer traffic management. Therefore, based on Pucher & Buehler (2010) article, my study recommends to include the investment issue with the benefits and policies in order to organise the improvements for the infrastructure so that traffic congestion can be more efficient and healthier.

In terms of controlling the traffic, Bowen et. al (2019) emphasized on urban microcirculation bus planning-based temporal and spatial travel demand which is a new type of public transportation that is developed according to spatiotemporal analysis of multimode pick-up and drop-off demands. Bowen et. al (2019) stated that the urban microcirculation bus routes can be constructed by using spatiotemporal Origin-Destination (OD) analysis to identify the stations through clustering large-scale pick-up and drop-off points followed by an iterative greedy algorithm to propose the routes by decreasing transportation afford. However, Bowen et. al (2019) limits the study only on proposing the routes. My study recommends to include the buses’ design and technologies that can gave the user comfort and safety for the ride.

In summary, our study proposes to stick on the previous application of diversity based multi objective optimizers and implement new interventions. Our study recommends to include the investment issue with the benefits and policies in order to organise the improvements for the infrastructure so that traffic congestion can be more efficient and healthier. Finally, our suggestion is to include the buses’ design and technologies that can gave the user comfort and safety for the ride.

S.SAnjum et al (2019) conducted a research experiment by using a cumulative approach comprising of traffic flow modeling, vehicle emission modeling, and air quality modeling. Furthermore, M.H. Khan et al (2020) conducted a research various sources of energy available to mankind. The project were focusing about electric bike which runs on the battery therefore providing voltage to the motor. This project also comprises with design and fabrication of electric bike which uses electric energy as the primary source and solar energy by attaching solar panels to the bike while also considering the aspects of the bike. On the other hand, H.Rosnan & N.C.Abdullah (2018) conducted a research circulating to the primary objective of the study which is to examine public perceptions towards bicycle sharing. Therefore, primary and secondary data was collected and analysed. It is mentioned in the article that bicycle sharing is seen as a good alternative for the environment compared to motorised mode of transportation.

A simulation model is proposed and further tested for performance based upon the traffic conditions focusing on three main aspects which are the waiting time of the vehicles at the junctions/ intersections/ signals, the type of pollutant emitted by a vehicle, and the traveling time. Shah Alam was one of the city chosen for this experiment to be conducted. Three different times per day which are morning, afternoon and evening are analyzed and tested to determine the result. The data showed that if traffic is modeled and followed the traffic flow, vehicle emission, and air quality index (AQI), nearly %75 of traffic congestion is reduced, thus making the atmosphere pollution free. (S.S.Anjum et al, 2019) Based on the results and data, the experiment proven very helpful to overcome any problems especially traffic delay during peak hours or emergencies as complaint from the residents from Shah Alam. Based on the research done by M.H.Khan et al (2020), the electrical power generated that are used to run the bike can give better fuel economy compared to conventional vehicle with better performance and less pollution by removal of engine and extra unnecessary parts making the bike more weight less and can run easily. Since bicycle sharing is relatively new to Malaysian citizens, the findings indicated that the public do not really appreciate the concept of bicycle sharing. H.Rosnan & N.C.Abdullah (2018) suggested the authorities such as police can helps them encouraging the practice by supporting it or using other methods such as making a campaign or event.

However, the research is limited as an empirical study only. Furthermore, Energy consumption, low maintenance, good chargeability of battery in eco-friendly bike are to be well maintained to ensure the efficiency. However, the research is also limited to public perceptions only without any suggestion of solutions.

Therefore, this research that was conducted by S.S.Anjum (2020) recently and certainly relevance to be used to analysis the local traffic congestion rate to help efficiency of circulation in Shah Alam city. Therefore, based on experiment by M.H.Khan et al (2020) and discovery of E-bike is very beneficial to the site Shah Alam fulfilling the city’s vision toward green city as Shah Alam also already provided bicycle lanes to encourage people to use it and with the latest innovation of E-bike will surely encourages the people to use it frequently thus reducing traffic congestion and pollution. Therefore, based on research by H.Rosnan & N.C.Abdullah (2018), will help to detect the main reason the bicycle lane is not being fully utilize by the people thus the authorities can provide other initiatives such as providing shade along the bicycle lane to encourage people to use bicycle and architect can also consider designing spaces for cyclers such as parking and lane to increase the efficiency of accessibilities in the buildings at Shah Alam.

In summary, my study proposes to implement the usage of other mobility alternative thus reducing traffic congestion and pollution at Shah Alam. My study recommends to conduct perception survey using structural equation modelling technique and extend them to utilise other alternative mobility offered which is the bicycle lane. Additionally, my study will follow S.SAnjum et al (2019) by using a cumulative approach comprising of traffic flow modeling, vehicle emission modeling, and air quality modelling in a specific project in Shah Alam. Moreover, my study supports M.H.Khan et al (2020) fabrication of E-bike for other mobility alternative, sustainable cities, urban services and consumer practices aligned with circular economy.

In the article of “motorcycle accidents in Seremban and Shah Alam”, Radin(1996) discussed the issue of traffic accident rate that happens in Shah Alam. The article gives the data of traffic accidents and compared with the date after the solution was given. The article mainly discuss about the gas pollution in the city. The author Harith(2019)states that one of the mainly resource of greenhouse gas is the city traffic. And the author Shikh(2019)mentions the Shah Alam give the idea of low carbon city traffic.The author, Insider(2015)makes the point that in Shah Alam area residents need the build of highway for the local DASH project (Damansara-Shah Alam). The author list down several reasons for DASH can help the local trafficThe author also states that SNTD(Say No to DASH) holds a different view.

The Mackay(1996) states that the traffic accident are mostly caused by motorcycle, and the driver of motorcycle is also the most number group in the traffic accident. The rate of motorcycle traffic accident decreased a lot after the “daytime running headlight” movement. The table shows the six months before the movement and six months after the movement, and made a model of data for the period. The model are used to help other area of Sham Alam and made a good impact from it. The author make a idea that model are able to be used for the local traffic develop and data can also be used in other area to make the traffic safer.

The author Harith(2019) first mentions that Malaysia is the second place of greenhouse gas output country in the east union countries. He also give the idea that traffic is also one of the biggest value in the gas pollution rate. The author Harith(2019) lists the actions Malaysian did for reducing the gas pollution, which are city environment, traffic, city infrastructure and building. Sham Alam is one of the 52 places that need to take action. Then in the article, the author mentions the most important way is reducing the using number of cars and develop public transport. The second action is the cover area of public transport, and clean energy using. The last action mentioned is the traffic management.

Based on the author, Insider(2015), he believes that by building DASH will affects the Persiaran Mokhtar Dahari’s traffic problem which is the road leads to three main roads of local: Guthrie, Elite and NEVE. He states that DASH should not build in the high population area, because the local DASH project did not think about the local traffic problem and DASH would not help it in a long term. The residents also worry about the DASH would affects the local traffic and it’s capability of traffic. They also suggest that DASH cna be built but keep away from the residents that do not need it.

In my own opinion, I think this kind of model and data collecting is very helpful for the local traffic safety development. I agree with the author Harith(2019) that traffic is one of the main reason causing the greenhouse gas output problem. And more than that , building high way is a good chance for the city development, a good high way can help the local traffic a lot. Based on Hill(1996).

Therefore, the model can clearly analysis the rate of local traffic accidents and help the days after. This case was used a long time ago, but can still be used to analysis the local traffic accidents rate to help the new acts, solution of traffic and laws being established. It is a good idea to take action to reduce the greenhouse output by developing the traffic and public transport. But reducing greenhouse gas output is still a huge challenge to every country, the action taken by Sham Alam can be a good example to other area of the world. But base on the author Insider(2015), building a highway maybe can solve the traffic problem for now , but with the population and traffic growing in the years, this highway has a high possibility to overrun which can cause the traffic situation become worse. So building the highway project is a good idea to help with the traffic problem, but in the long term, to keep the traffic in a acceptable amount is a challenge.

In summary, I believe it is necessary to study more on the traffic issue in Shah Alam, and it is a good idea to purpose more public transportation such as buses and so on. Comparing to the past, Shah Alam’s traffic have become a lot better nowadays. But during the site visit, we can still find out that the local public transportation is very poor, it is also causing traffic jam as well. The author Insider(2015) also mentioned that by building high way is not a long term development to solve local traffic. But in the second article Harith and Anas(2019) also mentioned by developing more public transport can reduce a lot more gas output. Therefore, I believe Shah Alam has a problem of lacking public transportation and it is a good idea to purpose more of it.