Chap.8 HeART

Conservations of Heritage and Edges nearby.

Wang et al., (2020) mentioned access to the natural environment, urban parks have given a certain degree of impact to local residents in terms of the health of the population. In this study, Wang et al., (2020) highlighted Tangxihe Park in Hefei City was used as the research site, and the impact of urban parks on population health was quantitatively studied by analyzing the demographic characteristics, physical and mental health of park users, and park satisfaction. Wang et al., (2020) mentioned the results show that the quality of overall environment, green space and activity facilities of the park have a positive effect on improving the physical and mental health of the residents, the time of residents spending in the park have a positive effect on their physical and mental health, the longer of the residents spending in the park, the higher of the health benefits they received.

Othman and Abdul Majid (2016) highlighted the Urban river and its heritage value. Where the authors study aim to present on analysis to revitalize the urban river at Precinct 7, River of Life Project, Kuala Lumpur. Othman and Abdul Majid (2016) claimed two approaches to plan and preserve the value of an urban river while retaining its heritage value. Firstly, diversifying the river's usage. According to the study It can be achieved by integrating water transport, recreation, ecological maintenance, and flood mitigation as various means of river use. Secondly, activities should be developed along the river. Furthermore In order to retain heritage value, historic buildings along the river and the river itself need to be preserved and incorporated.

Vileniškė, & Urbonas (2011) highlighted Architectural heritage as a socioeconomic opportunity for revitalization of historic urban centers where the authors analyze how the use, re-use and the preservation of the architectural heritage could contribute to the socioeconomic revitalization of historic urban centres. Vileniškė, & Urbonas (2011) stated that the architectural heritage as a socioeconomic opportunity for rehabilitation of historic built environment based on the idea that sustainably managed use, re-use, preservation, and maintenance of architectural heritage can have multipartite positive impact on revitalization and successful development of historic urban environment.

(Taher Tolou Del et al., 2020) highlighted the semantic conservation of architectural heritage: the missing values where the author stated that conservation practice is based on the values offered by the architectural heritage resources for different individuals, groups, societies, and governments. (Taher Tolou Del et al., 2020) stated that to identify all the influential semantic values in the architectural conservation process and to determine the importance of each value based on the published literature. According to the results of the content analysis, it can be concluded that the conservation of architectural heritage can be investigated and analysed at three levels: people, experts, and governments, and the holistic conservation of the architectural heritage can be achieved only by the joint cooperation among all the three levels. Also, the results showed that the cultural value, economic value, historical value, and identity greatly influence the semantic conservation of the architectural heritage.

However, Wang et al., (2020) the research was limited at impact to humans but not the environment as well. Thus, based on Wang et al., (2020), my study recommends to extend the impact given for the overall environment in terms of the ecosystem generated, solution to channel water and avoid floods, which are solved by river interventions. Yet, Othman and Abdul Majid (2016) study were limited to infrastructure solutions. Therefore, based on Othman and Abdul Majid (2016), my study recommends to adapt nature-oriented in the river urban area, Green and blue infrastructure offers several social and cultural advantages as well as ecosystem services, besides, it could also have lower cost and long-term benefits, which will increase urban resilience and enhance human health and well-being in the face of climate change. Nevertheless, Vileniškė, & Urbonas (2011) study was limited to the adaptive re-use of historical buildings. Hence, based on Vileniškė, & Urbonas (2011), my study recommends to conserve of urban visual integrity and fabric preservation, improvements to the environment and the public spaces quality, reinforce the social cohesion and the centrality of social networks and implement sustainable innovation are essential for the regeneration of the historical urban environment in terms of social, social and economic aspects. However, (Taher Tolou Del et al., 2020) limited his different study to individuals, groups, societies, and governments. Based on Taher Tolou Del et al., (2020), my study recommends to use semantic conservation of architectural heritage: the missing values and extend to outsiders or tourists.

In summary, my study recommendations is to implement revitalization of urban and heritage values on the environment in terms of the ecosystem generated that involves solutions for river intervention as well. Hence, in order to have adaptive conservation of heritage and edgy in Bandar Kajang, the nature, infrastructure, public spaces quality and environment should be revital between social and economic aspects which will give a good effect on society of Bandar Kajang well-being and comfortness.

Accessibility and Spatial Neighbourhood in city development.

Guan et al., (2019) discussed walkable cities from the perspective of urban planning and design in the era of digitalization and urban big data. Guan et al., (2019) a brief reviews was started on historical walkable cities schemes; followed by a deliberation on what a walkable city is and what the spatial elements of a walkable city are; and a discussion on the emerging themes and empirical methods to measure the spatial and urban design features of a walkable city. The first part of this paper looks at key urban design propositions and how they were proposed to promote walkability. The second part of this paper discusses the concept of walkability, which is fundamental to designing a walkable city. We emphasize both the physical (walkways, adjacent uses, space) and the perceived aspects (safety, comfort, enjoyment), and then we look at the variety of spatial elements constituting a walkable city. The third part of this paper looks at the emerging themes for designing walkable cities and neighborhoods. We discuss the application of urban big data enabled by growing computational powers and related empirical methods and interdisciplinary approaches including spatial planning, urban design, urban ecology, and public health. This paper aims to provide a holistic approach toward understanding urban design and walkability, re-evaluate the spatial elements to build walkable cities, and discuss future policy interventions.

(Kim & Park, 2020) highlighted about assessing social and spatial equity of neighborhood retail and service access in Seoul, South Korea where the author spatial equity is one of the significant factors of sustainability. Several studies have explored pedestrian accessibility and spatial equity, but few researchers have addressed daily retail activities. (Kim & Park, 2020) stated that this study aimed to examine the equity of pedestrian accessibility to neighborhood retail and service (NRS) establishments in Seoul, Korea. This study’s results suggest that urban planners and designers should contemplate ways to enhance the walkability of the residents and continually monitor accessibility to prevent urban problems, such as food deserts and retail deserts. Additionally, the results provide empirical evidence for achieving equity in urban development and urban retail systems to further enhance sustainability.

(Liu et al., 2020) highlighted about the impact of the street-scale built environment on pedestrian metro station access/egress route choice where the author understands the relationship between micro-scale built environment and pedestrian trips from/to metro stations is important to stimulate walking as the key egress/access mode. (Liu et al., 2020) stated that this study developed a path size correction latent class logit model using 515 observed route trajectories between a metro station and an origin/destination near the metro station in Tianjin, China.

Omar et al. (2016) highlighted the walkability design for urban public housing. Where the authors study aim to measure the user perception of the existing spaces in the urban public housing environment that have been covered and uncovered with the walkability linkages. Omar et al. (2016) stated that the design should be appropriate, safe, maximize and capable of reaching every inch of the spaces, just by walking. Followed by good connectivity it must allow people to walk freely and accessible in many ways. People have great chances to meet each other or having potential outdoor activities without any challenges.

Yassin (2019) mentions the livable city where the author probes deeper into the approach to pedestrianization through tactical urbanism. Yassin (2019) stated that the present paper work proposes an integrative literature between the pedestrianization and livability, then analyze the precedent approaches to pedestrianization in global review, and introduce a creative implementation approach to pedestrianization in order to achieve the following objectives: a tool to break the various barriers that may face implementation, a method of exploration regarding the potential of the misused asphalt, a tactic to re-attract people to the city’s core and its walkable environment and finally, restore the city’s livability thus its sustainable urban development.

Elhamy (2012) stated about the improvement of road layout and safety in an urban environment towards a pedestrian-friendly street where the author uses Corniche of Alexandria as a case study. Elhamy (2012) mentions the aim of this research is to gain better knowledge of how new road layout improvements influence pedestrian safety.The research demonstrates the need to evaluate road layout improvements that may involve changes in practices that generate new road safety problems, particularly for pedestrians.

Zahari (2020) discusses disabled facilities and accessibility provided in national Heritage buildings in Malaysia where the author explores three different case studies in terms of their extent in providing facilities for disabled persons in these heritage buildings. Zahari (2020) highlights two findings of the research which is that the buildings themselves became a barrier to the disabled persons, and the heritage act is not properly established to enforce said facilities to be made.

Baris & Uslu (2009) discusses the accessibility for persons with disabilities specifically those who are visually impaired and walking-impaired in the built environment of Ankara, Turkey. Baris & Uslu (2009) highlights three findings of the research which is that the persons with those disabilities find physical barriers with accessing the built environment, the existing infrastructure impedes their independent individual movement, as well as slowing down their social communication which makes them feel excluded.

Nonetheless, Guan et al., (2019) the research emphasized too much in relation to digitalization and urban big data rather than focus on how neighbourhoods could live. Therefore, based on Guan et al., (2019), benefits of walkable cities and spatial elements are proposed to be emphasized which could raise the importance of walkable places in a city. However, (Kim & Park, 2020) limited the study to pedestrians accessibility. Therefore, based on (Liu et al., 2020), my study recommends using assessing social and spatial equity of neighbourhood retail to be more inclusive and systematic for all users, so that the safety of users are guaranteed by extending them. However, (Liu et al., 2020) limited the study to pedestrian metro stations. Therefore, based on (Liu et al., 2020), my study recommends to use the impact of the street-scale built environment on disable people and cyclists other than pedestrians and extend it to cover all walkway facilities. However, the authors limit their study in urban public housing to residential areas. Therefore, based on Omar et al. (2016), my study recommends to provide better walkability opportunities for the residents by creating a walkable safety pedestrian system for residents to access the public park to create a better living space for the youth and extend them to cover commercial facilities. However, Yassin lacks facilities to disabled. Therefore, based on Yassin (2019), my study recommends the pedestrian must be more sensitive to the needs of disabled people and trying to give effort to integrate disabled people into normal environment and efface gap or discrimination of disabled. However, the authors limit their study on new road layout only. Therefore, based on Elhamy (2012), my study recommends the improvement of existing road layout towards a pedestrian-friendly street. However, Zahari limited his study disabilities to such elderly citizens and pregnant women. Therefore, based on Zahari (2020), my study recommends to widen the scope of disabilities to those who are visually and auditorily impaired. However, Baris & Uslu (2009) limited their study to the physical factors pertaining to barriers in the built environment for the disabled persons. Therefore, based on Baris & Uslu (2009), my study recommends studying the psychological factors regarding barriers in the built environment for the disabled persons.

In summary, my study’s recommendation is to implement elements of walkable cities and spatial elements based on Guan et al., (2019) using social and spatial equity assessment of neighborhood retail based on (Liu et al., 2020). In addition, based on (Liu et al., 2020), my study will use the impact of the street-scale built environment on disable people and cyclists and create a walkable safety pedestrian system for residents to access the public park based on Omar et al. (2016). Based on Yassin (2019), the pedestrian will be more sensitive to the needs of disabled people, especially to those who are visually and auditorily impaired based on Zahari (2020), Lastly, based on Elhamy (2012), my study will improve the existing road layout towards a pedestrian-friendly street, taking into account the psychological factors regarding barriers in the built environment for the disabled persons based on Baris & Uslu (2009).

River Revitalization

Roche et al., (2020) mentioned about Global biodiversity is increasingly threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and biological invasion. However, predictions of impacts on native fauna are hampered by an inadequate knowledge of how these factors interact and how climate change will affect the distribution, abundance, and behaviour of both native and invasive species, not least as most predictions are based on the long-term effects of temperature alone. Roche et al., (2020) presented a case study illustrating how local-scale climate change impacts (increased temperature, reduced rainfall, shifts in peak rainfall) affected the hydrology of a channelized lowland European river (reduced flow, reduction in flood events, increased siltation, macrophyte growth), allowing native fish species to recolonise the bankside zone and reducing the density of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus by removing its preferred habitat. While most studies predict long-term negative impacts on global fish populations, some suggest potential direct and indirect benefits at a local scale. We are of the opinion that, at a local scale, climate change impacts on fish will be more nuanced and complex than long-term predictions suggest, resulting in both positive and negative effects, with consolation prizes in the face of larger losses. While impacts on fish will differ between regions and/or continents, depending on the specific impacts of climate change, identification of positive effects will be essential in clarifying long-range forecasts and identifying management procedures for mitigating overall negative impacts.

Arlettaz et al., (2011) discussed many river revitalization projects are currently under development, but still lack proper assessments of their effects on biodiversity, especially regarding non-aquatic vertebrates. Arlettaz et al., (2011) analyzed the progressive changes in habitat mosaics, and the demographic response of two rare species of wading birds along a Swiss section of the Rhone River over a period of three decades. During the period preceding revitalization, the diversity of the habitat mosaic had been steadily declining. This impoverishment could however be reverted after 1994, when the revitalization was initiated: in 2006, the re-established habitat matrix was more diverse than at any time during the previous 27 years. The formerly channelized stream underwent radical transformation as it mutated into a heterogeneous braided river boosting pioneer riverine habitats. This has led the two wading bird species to establish significantly more territories than before the revitalization operations. Population size of Actitis Hypoleucos and Charadrius Dubius increased by 83% and 20%, respectively, between 1995 and 2007. During the same period, A. hypoleucos declined dramatically in Switzerland as a whole, whilst C. dubius showed no distinct population trend. The response of the two waders may have resulted from an increase in the number of lateral arms of the river, where the availability of productive temporary ponds provides excellent foraging opportunities. A significant proportion of these habitats was created by a targeted extraction of sediments with the objective to promote biodiversity while maintaining economic activity and improving security against floods. This suggests that gravel exploitation is not incompatible with efficient river restoration.

Wang (2012) mentions the urban river pollution control where the author probes deeper into the remediation. Wang (2012) stated that the current situation of urban river pollution, summarized the research on river pollution control and remediation. After compared and analyzed different techniques and clarified the concepts of bioremediation technology, based on the advances of river remediation, this paper concluded the approaches to alleviate the river pollution problem that the biological ecological remediation should be utilized as the primary technique, and the physical and chemical remediation as the supplementary means.

Darieva (2015) discusses the materiality and social life of the Baku Promenade in Azerbaijan. Darieva (2015) highlights the role of trees and green architecture as a tool of ordering the city and the political mobilization of nature, and perception of the Baku Promenade from the usage of laymen.

Although Roche et al., (2020) emphasized the pros and cons of the impacts on fish that would bring, but the focus is losing as too many factors are considered. However, Arlettaz et al. (2011) did not include the effect that these creatures could bring to nearby living organisms. Nonetheless, Wang (2012) only focused on technology solutions only. Yet, Darieva (2015) limited his study to the materiality and social life of the Baku Promenade.

Based on Roche et al., (2020), my study recommendation is to focus and emphasize the impact that the fish would bring to a specific river and nearby communities which would raise awareness on the riverbank. According to Arlettaz et al. (2011), my study recommends to involve the relationship between other living organisms as well in order to have an overview of the balance of ecosystem. Besides, based on Wang (2012), my study recommends that the importance of community consensus also can play a role in this issue. Moreover, based on Darieva (2015), my study recommends to also talk about the vitality aspect of the Baku Promenade.

In summary, my study recommendation is to implement proper assessments on river revitalization that involves balance of ecosystems. In order to understand the impact of aqualifes would affect the awareness on managing the riverbank and how river pollution causes habitat loss, climate change and biological invasion, biological ecological remediation are recommended to be utilized as the primary technique, and the physical and chemical remediation as the supplementary means.

Conclusion

In general, my study supports Vileniškė, & Urbonas (2011) approach to conserve of urban visual integrity and fabric preservation. The improvements to the environment and the public spaces quality, reinforce the social cohesion and the centrality of social networks and implement sustainable innovation are essential for the regeneration of the historical urban environment in terms of social, social and economic aspects. Furthermore, the study found river interventions involving the relationship between other living organisms to overview the ecosystem balance and creating walkable safety pedestrian systems for residents to access the public park are beneficial in a sustainable town development.