Chap.7 MILLENIUM

ACCESSIBILTY IN THE CITY

Willis et al. (2004) highlighted about Human Movement Behaviour in Urban Spaces where the author focussing into the implications for the design and modelling of effective pedestrian environments. Willis et al. (2004) stated the result of a video-based observational study aimed exploring the individual movement preference within uncluttered environment, in particular desired walking speed, microscopic position preference, and interpersonal distance between companion while walking and the ways in which these variables might be influenced by the various personal, situational and environmental factors that characteristic the context in which pedestrian move. The age, gender, level of mobility, group size, time of the day and location were found to have significant effects on movement preferences across the range of locations studied. However, Willis et al. (2004) limited their studies to only able-bodied people. Therefore, based on Willis et al. (2004), my study recommends including the person with disabilities (PWD) such as those who using wheelchair as the subject to observe. It may be different result in term of movement and accessibility compared to able-bodied people.

Alrawi and Hadi (2020) highlighted about the application of bus rapid transit system in the city of Baquba and its impact on reducing daily trips where the author focussing into how to reduce traffic congestion in the city. Alrawi and Hadi (2020) stated that the application of the Bus Rapid Transit BRT will decrease the trips time in particular and the suffering associated with congestion in general. In this research, the BRT system proposed in the form of a two-way axis running from the eastern side of the intersections of Kanaan and Mafraq to the University of Diyala with a length of nearly 20 km. However, Alrawi and Hadi (2020) limited their studies into short route distance of Bus Rapid Transit at 20km. Therefore, based on Alrawi and Hadi (2020), my study recommends that the Bus Rapid Transit BRT can be improve by having a longer route so that it can cover all over the city of Baquba and it will make the citizen use more public transport instead of only university students that used the public transport facility.

Arbi I.Ben (2019) stated that traffic congestion becomes very difficult to use the classical traffic management methods because of non-linearity, and time-variability in the system. To improve the performance of urban traffic signal control system efficiently, many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been developed. In this survey, Arbi I.Ben was present an overview of the intelligent transportation systems, review traffic light control projects and solutions based on artificial intelligence and queuing theories that are proposed. Nevertheless, Arbi I.Ben (2019) limited on her study into the type of road situation in the urban. For instance, she should focus on road that nearest with shopping malls area, high rise buildings or commercial buildings that have different traffic congestion times. Hence, based on Arbi I.Ben (2019) my study recommends to design the best ingress and egress circulation as the study area has a high traffic congestion rate. The availability of methods that can be used to reduce traffic congestion problems such as intelligent transportation systems (ITS), the rate of traffic congestion in the study area can be overcome and anticipate to extend them to cover all traffic congestion and find out where the cause of traffic congestion occurs. There is also the problem of traffic congestion occurring which is not due to traffic light intersections.

In summary, my study proposes to improve human-nature interaction and stimulate public involvement by creating engaging public spaces and physical features that lead to better social experience also can be done as studied. Therefore, based on Willis et al. (2004), my study recommends to include the person with disabilities (PWD) such as those who use a wheelchair as the subject to observe. Accessibility is an important spatial characteristic and a significant link between transportation and land-use. The accessibility for PWD in Kajang city is not very encouraging and needs to be considered for accessibility facilities for the disabled community. The problem of traffic congestion may be remedied with the recommendations put forward by Arbi I.Ben (2019) stated that the performance of urban traffic signal control systems efficiently, many intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been developed. Moreover, my study supports Alrawi and Hadi (2020) that public transport such as MRT Feeder Bus can be improved by having a longer route so that it can cover all parts of Kajang.

CLIMATE OF THE CHOOSEN CITY

(Hidayahtuljamilah et al., 2012) stated that the vernacular architecture had design the ultimate design solution to deal with the local climate to meet the thermal comfort of the occupant. (Hidayahtuljamilah et al., 2012) discussed about how was the local climate affected to the design approach of Malay vernacular building components and what kind of design approaches can be consider by the future designers in order to achieve a more sustainable-contemporary design proposal. However, the study of (Hidayahtuljamilah et al., 2012) only cover for the Re-adaption of Malay vernacular architecture yet there are still other some typology of building can be included as well. Therefore, based on (Hidayahtuljamilah et al., 2012), my study will suggest to cover up the study and re-adaption on other local building typology existing in Malaysia such as Malaysian shophouses to change future designers approached towards designing contemporary buildings to be more sustainable.

Architecture.Mahmoudi.,et al.(2009)highlighted aboutthe Analysis on Iranian Wind Catcher and Its Effect on Natural Ventilation as a Solution towards Sustainable Architecturewhere the author probes deep into thecooling system used to provide acceptable ventilation by means of renewable energy of wind. Mahmoudi.,et al.(2009)stated that there key point in the wind catcher as a natural ventilation that are identified and divided into several method to analysis. From the architecture point of view, learning about wind catchers in this study is done by means of field surveys. Research method for selection of the case is based on random form, and analytical method. Wind catcher typology and knowledge of relationship governing the wind catcher's architecture were those measures that are taken for the first time. 53 wind catchers were analyzed. The typology of the wind-catchers is done by the physical analyzing, patterns and common concepts as incorporated in them. However, Mahmoudi.,et al.(2009)limited his study to make it more aesthetic andvaluable to apply into the design. Therefore, Mahmoudi.,et al.(2009)my study recommends to use the method of get the natural ventilation into the design process and extend them to cover how the wind catcher can be as aesthetic that can apply into the design without disturbing the design view.

(Toe & Kubota, 2015) stated that application of vernacular passive cooling techniques in residential design especially under the southeast asia country’s weather condition is crucial

for the purpose of energy saving. Based on the study, (Toe & Kubota, 2015) discussed about the performance result of cooling indoor thermal environments with the field measurement that conducted in two type of tradisional building typologies which is traditional timber malay houses and also traditional masonry Chinese shophouses. The study also discussed about the effect of vernacular passive design component in cooling indoor thermal environment. However, the study of (Toe & Kubota, 2015) only limited in the measurement of cooling indoor thermal environment in residential typology of buildings. Therefore, based on the study of (Toe & Kubota, 2015) my study would recommend to further cover to measure and access the performance of cooling indoor thermal environment in other typologies of traditional building to get a more complete result on the passive cooling strategic to be apply in the commercial building in future design.

In summary, proposal on improving the sustainable and passive design in contemporary local architecture in a hot humid climate site such as bandar kajang can be implemented through several ways such as followed by (Toe & Kubota, 2015), my study recommends to measure and access the performance of cooling indoor thermal environment in all typologies of traditional building to get a more complete result on the passive cooling strategic. Additionally, my study will based on (Hidayahtuljamilah et al., 2012) to study the way of re-adaption of all local building technologies in Malaysia into the contemporary design approach. Moreover, my study will recommends Mahmoudi.,et al.(2009) that use the method of get the natural ventilation into the design and extend them and study on how to cover how the wind catcher can be aesthetic that can apply into the design without disturbing the design view.

SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SOCIO CULTURE.

(Salih, Ismail, and Mseer 2020) stated that Pocket parks for promoting social interaction among residents of Baghdad City where the authors focussing on the types and characteristics of public open spaces to enhance residents’ social activities in Baghdad city. (Salih et al. 2020) stated that the targeted population of this study refers to the residents of the Karkh district, the western part of Baghdad. The study outcomes highlight the need to provide pocket parks with adequate characteristics to promote the residents’ social interactions in Baghdad city. This study contributes by emphasizing the significance of establishing pocket parks for social interaction in Baghdad City. The study shows a number of solutions related to pocket parks by studying the critical actionable attributes that can be embedded into new development, land-use policies, or to upgrade existing parks. However, (Salih et al. 2020) limited their studies to the residents at the karkh district only. Therefore, based on (Salih et al. 2020), my study recommends to include the visitors and the peoples from the city of Baghdad that come to visit to the karkh district frequently as the part of their respondents

Farah Md Zohri. (2010) highlighted about the Malay women and terrace housing where it is focusing on the the particular spatial requirements within domestic environmental such as terrace housing which is somehow does not fulfill that Malay women spatial requirements spaces. Farah Md Zohri. (2010) stated that based on the research studies to identify an architectural solution to the issue, where the result suggestion is proposing a flexible prefabricated construction method, modular screen-wall paneling and a timber flooring system as a design solution to the socio cultural needs of the Malay women. However, the author limited their studies to terrace housing only. Therefore, based on Farah Md Zohri. (2019), my study recommended to studies on many more about the other types of housing that could solving the issue regarding the Malay women requirements spaces in the architecture design.

Hamdan, H., Yusof, F., Marzukhi, M. A., et al. (2018) highlight about the Social Capital and Quality of Life in Multi-storey Housing Neighbourhood Community while focusing on social well-being, strengthen neighbourhood and increase the quality of life. Hamdan, H., Yusof, F.,

Marzukhi, M. A., et al. (2018) stated that based on the finding on the bonding of social capital according to four dimensions with method of household questionnaires survey of 979 samples, where is shows that the different neighbourhood in a different locality with diversity of its people, and surrounding developments have influenced the pattern of social capital. However, the author only doing this study and collected the result by just having household questionnaires. Therefore, based on Hamdan, H., Yusof, F., Marzukhi, M. A., et al. (2018), my study recommended having more varieties of methods in studies to get more efficient results as the household questionnaires got many lacking in collecting data and analysis.

In summary, my study proposes to implement by using field survey and involvement, cultural and commercial survey and also a questionnaire to obtain on study about the social interaction in the Kajang. My study recommends conducting a perception survey using the surveyor method to see what the pattern of social interaction among the community of Kajang is in adapting the urbanization that happened in Kajang, Selangor. Additionally, my study will follow Farah Md Zohri. (2010) implement to study research to identify an architectural solution for the Malay women spatial requirements in proposing a flexible prefabricated construction method, modular screen-wall paneling and a timber flooring system to the socio cultural needs of the Malay women as most of building type in Kajang is using modern design that not really focus on specific culture of any races in Kajang. Moreover, my study supports Hamdan, H., Yusof, F., Marzukhi, M. A., et al. (2018) finding on the bonding of social capital according to four dimensions with the method of household questionnaires survey, where it shows the different neighbourhoods in a different locality with diversity of Kajang people, and surrounding developments have influenced the pattern of social capital in Kajang.

Natural Environment

Tehrany et al. (2014) highlighted that flood susceptibility mapping using integrated bivariate and multivariate statistical models where the author probes deep into a combination of bivariate probability analysis and multivariate logistic regression was used to produce flood susceptibility maps of Busan City. Tehrany et al. (2014) stated that the main aim of this research was to overcome the weakness of logistic regression regarding bivariate probability capabilities. A flood inventory map with a total of 160 flood locations was extracted from various sources. The impact of each independent variable on flooding was evaluated by analysing each independent variable with the dependent flood layer. The validation dataset, which was not used for model generation, was used to evaluate the flood susceptibility map using the prediction rate method. However, Tehrany et al. (2014) limited their study to one time flood issue. Therefore, based on (Tehrany et al. 2014), my study recommends that It is possible if the authors can do the observations of the flood issues more than one time to have the best result from the average data that would be better.

N. Kang, S. Kim, Y. Kim et al. (2016) highlighted about the Urban Drainage System Improvement for Climate Change Adaptation where the authors aiming to improve the urban drainage system to facilitate climate change adaptation. N. Kang, S. Kim, Y. Kim et al. (2016) stated a methodology, and a series of mitigation strategies are presented to efficiently improve the urban drainage system in light of climate change. In addition, we assess the impact of climate change and predict the scale of potential future flood damage by applying the methodology and mitigation strategies to urban areas. Based on the methodology presented, urban flood prevention measures for Gyeyang-gu (Province), Incheon, Korea, was established. The validity of the proposed alternatives is verified by assessing the economic feasibility of the projects to reduce flood damage. However, N. Kang, S. Kim, Y. Kim et al. (2016) did not mention about what type of building covered in the study. Therefore, based on N. Kang, S. Kim, Y. Kim et al. (2016) my study recommends focussing on certain type of building drainage system such as residential and commercial buildings

Lourenco et al. (2020) highlighted a framework to support flood prevention and mitigation in the landscape and urban planning process regarding water dynamics where the authors seeking for future urban solution. Lourenco et al. (2020) stated the research examines a possible analytical framework for urban planning and design of flood control alternatives, using a multifunctional open space system that incorporates water dynamics into current and future urban solutions. This framework starts with a diagnosis of the current situation, analysing three main aspects: urban floods and their consequences; urban plans and legal environmental constraints; and available open spaces and multifunctional opportunities. Then, a set of guidelines is proposed to articulate urban needs with environmental limits, intending to help in the design of urban flood control alternatives, while increasing environmental value and retrofitting urban vicinity. These guidelines include multi- scale solutions in the watershed context, using sustainable urban drainage concepts in multifunctional open spaces, which can also act as environmental connections and protective fluvial parks. However, Lourenco et al. (2020) limited their studies to only one natural disaster. Therefore, based on Lourenco et al. (2020) my study recommends furthering their research and solutions on how the building can adapt with flood situations.

In summary, my study proposes to improve the flood issue by implementing a framework to support flood prevention and mitigation in the landscape and urban planning process in site Kajang. Therefore, based on Lourenco et al. (2020) my study recommends furthering their research and solutions on how the building can adapt with flood situations. As is well known, Kajang does not have a systematic drainage system and cannot cope with heavy rain and may cause flash floods. Additionally, my study will follow N. Kang, S. Kim, Y. Kim et al. (2016) to improve the urban drainage system to facilitate climate change adaptation by applying the methodology and mitigation strategies in Kajang. Moreover, my study also supports Tehrany et al. (2014) to implement the flood inventory map to analyse each independent variable with the dependent flood layer.

HISTORIC BUILDING.

Wang, Zhuo (2015) highlighted about The Cultural and Commercial Values of Chinese Retail Complexes Designed in Traditional Vernacular Styles where the author probes deep into the cultural and commercial values based through analysis to maintain the identity of historical values in modern China. Wang, Zhuo (2015) stated that the building is built on the cultural and commercial values of the Chinese retail complex that has been planned in this traditional vernacular style by using the Fashion Island building in Yancheng City as a case study. The method of exploring the background of Fashion Island, the cultural connotations of this area are explained which includes the cultural origins of Chinese city, Hui-style architecture, aesthetics and style, and ancestral worship used to develop Fashion Island inheriting the traditional style of Yancheng City and reflecting culture and mixing Fashion Island area with the city. However, Wang, Zhuo (2015) limited his study to how appreciate the historical building into the urban modern architecture style nowadays. Therefore, Wang, Zhuo (2015), my study recommends to use the field survey research and questionnaire, the cultural and commercial value to get information about the site analysis before the designer start think to design the building and extend them to cover how to maintain the value of historical building into the modern architecture style.

Widodo,J.(2012) stated that rational outcome from the local climate, material selection for building, building typology’s articulation, construction technology development, cosmopolitan urban culture, lessons, beliefs and rituals from generations generate the wisdoms of traditional building. Widodo,J.(2012) discusses different examples of urban environment according to different scale level and the way to study the local wisdom from the past experience in order to achieve the sustainability in environmental, cultural and economics aspect. However, the study of Widodo,J.(2012) only cover in how to learn from the history experience and past local wisdom to achieve sustainability. Therefore, based on Widodo,J.(2012), my study will suggest to further study on how to innovate the new idea to achieve sustainability with the modern technology and information with the collaboration of history’s past experience.

Zainuddin, H., & Yapp, A. (2019) highlighted about the Rurviving Traditional Village Heritage in Rapid Urbanization where the author focused on the alteration of the physical landscape of traditional villages in the neighbouring areas as well as the lifestyle of people affected by the urbanization. Zainuddin, H., & Yapp, A. (2019) stated that based on the research method through interviews with the local community, local museum curator, villager elders, and throught visits and observation of the remaining villages, where the result suggestions is that some of the loss natural heritage that caused by the development had led to the loss of the cultural heritage of villagers traditional activities. However, the author limited their study to Malay traditional activities, especially ceremonies only. Therefore, based on Zainuddin, H., & Yapp, A. (2019), my study recommended to use or included the other ethnic or racial traditional activities that exist in that region since Kajang is no longer own or inhabited by Malay ethnic only and extend to cover on the other traditional aspect that effect by the rapid urbanization in Kajang region.

In summary, my study proposes to maintain the culture and historical building that already implement by using field survey, cultural and commercial survey and questionnaires to obtain information on study site analysis. My study recommends Wang, Zhuo (2015), conducting a perception survey using the surveyor method to see what the pattern of community life in Kajang is in terms of the history of urban opening, life style and culture in Kajang, Selangor. Additionally, my study will follow Widodo,J.(2012) implement to study the local wisdom from the past experience in order to achieve the sustainability in environmental, cultural and economics aspect specific project in Kajang. Moreover, my study supports Zainuddin, H., & Yapp, A. (2019) to ensure no loss of natural heritage caused by new development and cause loss of cultural heritage of traditional activities of the villagers that lived in Kajang.

In summary, my study proposes to use water level as variable for the flood warning alert system and with the method suggested and extending the study to focus more on nearby site project areas. My study recommends the method used by Salleh, S. H. M., & Sidek, L. M. (2016). Additionally, my study will follow Haque, S., & Roslan, N. (2017) by using the method to analyse groundwater quality on selected site areas. Moreover, my study supports the data listed by Bahrum, N., & Malek, M. (2016) and will extend the study to get current trending intensity duration frequency (IDF). Based on Aerts et.al. (2011), my study recommends to use the proposal as a strategic plan for New York City, implement at the flood affection area in Kajang and extend the study to another analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the waterfront for selected study areas. Based on Basha, E., & Rus, D. (2007), my study recommends to use the idea for flood solution to the studied site and extend the study by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages with several factors that could be considered.

URBAN TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Mat Shukri et al., (2020) have highlighted the Level of Service (LOS) used for the development of transportation infrastructure designations. Mat Shukri et al., (2020) also stated the Level of Services (LOS) of three main designated routes of SMART buses in Kajang Selangor (KJ01, KJ02, and KJ03). The results show that KJ01, KJ02, and KJ03 fall under the category of LOS D considering the attributes of service frequency, service hours, passenger load/thresholds, and speed of bus. However, Mat Shukri et al., (2020) limited their study to bus transportation services only. Therefore, based on Mat Shukri et al., (2020), my study recommends to use the Level of Services (LOS) of KJ01, KJ02, and KJ03 which fall under the category of LOS D considering the attributes of service frequency, service hours, passenger load/thresholds, and speed of bus and extend my study to cover all public transportation services.

Aftabuzzaman et al ., (2010) highlighted the congestion relief impacts of Public Transport (PT) to the problem of urban road traffic congestion. Aftabuzzaman et al ., (2010) stated that the framework for estimating the monetary value of the congestion reduction impacts of public transport. The results show that by using the average congestion valuation and mode shift evidence, the model has been applied to a number of cities to estimate the monetary value of the congestion relief impact of public transport. However, Aftabuzzaman et al ., (2010) limited his study to one factor only which is monetary value. Therefore, based on Aftabuzzaman et al ., (2010), my study recommends to use the average congestion valuation and mode shift evidence, the model has been applied to a number of cities to estimate the monetary value of the congestion relief impact of public transport and extend my study to include multiple external factors.

Khalid et al., (2020) addressed the road users’ perception of motorcycle safety levels in terms of its conspicuity, at different riding or driving situations at night in the rural and urban areas. Khalid et al., (2020) concluded that the respondents were able to observe better and be more alert of motorcycle presence in road situations when driving in the urban areas compared to the rural areas. The results show that over 80% believe that wearing bright-colored attires and helmets can enhance a motorcycle's conspicuity and alertness towards other road users. In addition, more than 80% of the respondents agreed that using reflective tapes on the side body of a motorcycle can improve motorcycle visibility, especially at road junctions. However, from the 78 collected data, Khalid et al, (2020) research might show biased responses towards motorcyclists. Therefore, based on Khalid et al., (2020), my study recommends to use the collected data where the respondents were able to observe better and be more alert of motorcycle presence in road situations when driving in the urban areas compared to the rural areas and extend my study to cover better respondents distribution for a more accurate data collection results.

In summary, my study proposes to use the collected data from the respondents to cover all public transportation services. Based on Mat Shukri et al., (2020), my study proposes to use the Level of Services (LOS) of KJ01, KJ02, and KJ03 considering the attributes of service frequency, service hours, passenger load/thresholds, and speed of bus and extend my study to cover all public transportation services. Moreover, my study supports Aftabuzzaman et al ., (2010) recommends to use the average congestion valuation and mode shift evidence and extend my study to include multiple external factors. Lastly, my study will be based on Khalid et al., (2020), to use the collected data from the respondents about awareness towards motorcyclist presence in road situations and extend my study to cover better respondent distribution.