INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.

Arifuddin (2019) Air Pollutions Exposure with Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function among Primary School Children nearby Heavy Traffic Area in Kajang. This study aims to determine the association between traffic-related air pollutants and respiratory health among Malay primary school children in heavy traffic area and low traffic area. Arifuddin (2019) stated that keyword about heavy traffic area that have traffic related air pollution can effect to lung function The finding concluded that exposures to traffic-related air pollutants, especially PM10, PM2.5 increase the risk of getting lung function abnormality and respiratory health symptoms among respondents.

Sakawi (2011) discussed the present status of municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Malaysia where the writer feels that large municipalities in Malaysia is one in which available resources are not sufficient to provide adequate municipal services to either the main stream of the population, or to those residing in the slum settlements. Sakawi (2011) suggested that effective waste management is dependent upon achieving informed consensus amongst interested parties. The problem for data collection and planning is the lack of locally available trained personnel and the need for relevant data. Most universities and educational institution fails to offer curriculum in waste management, and this neglect results in a serious lack of trained human resources necessary for the planning and implementation of waste management systems.

Juahir et al. (2011) Spatial Water Quality Assessment of Langat River Basin (Malaysia) Using Environmetric Techniques. This research aims to investigate the spatial water quality pattern of seven stations located along the main Langat River. Juahir et al. (2011) stated that keyword by using environmentric method they classifies that water quality and do more analysis for it. From this study, conclude that the application of environmetric methods can reveal meaningful information on the spatial variability of a large and complex river water quality data.

However, Arifuddin (2019) limited his study that air pollution just affect to primary school; children only. Based on my research on the Kajang site, not only the primary school children nearby that heavy traffic area. There also nearby with shop lot and other facilities building. Employer also local people could also effect by traffic air pollution. Futhermore, Sakawi (2011) limited his study to research about waste management system. Juahir et al. (2011) limited his study to research about the water pollution and factor only. Based on my research on the Kajang site, the water pollution from Langat river basin give and effect to local people, and employer and school children around the that area. This article should do some analysis for that issue.

In summary, my study proposes to use environmentally friendly products in order to prevent pollution in Kajang. My study recommends to use an Eco-friendly transportation such as electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles, and promoting shared mobility (i.e. carpooling, and public transports) in order to reduce air pollution. Additionally, my study will follow Sakawi (2011) to use ensure that recyclable waste is disposed of in an eco-friendly way is both beneficial to the environment and cost-effective. Moreover, my study supports Juahir et al. (2011) to collect some data from local people or employer as respondent for effect that they got from water pollution at Langat River.

NATURE ELEMENTS IN THE CITY

Fathi et al. (2020) focus on the role of urban morphology design on enhancing physical activity and public health where the authors indicate that the quality of built environments plays an important role in reducing mental disorders and overall health. Fathi et al. (2020) stated that the structure and shape of the city are considered as one of the factors influencing happiness and health in urban communities and the type of the daily activities of citizens. Based on the results, consideration of functional diversity, spatial flexibility and integration, security, and the aesthetic and visual quality of urban spaces plays an important role in improving the physical health of citizens in urban spaces.

Shafray & Kim (2017) highlighted about the study of walkable spaces with natural elements for urban regeneration that focus on cases in Seoul, South Korea where the authors probe deep in the environmental protection issues and the monitoring of pollution, especially for the largest cities in Asia. Shafray & Kim (2017) stated that conditions of implementation for the walkability concept, using examples of pedestrian walkway-making initiatives, and regeneration of existing walkways along water streams in urban case studies in Seoul, South Korea should be considered. The role of nature-based solutions was considered in relation to aesthetics, and social and environmental characteristics (e.g., air pollution, oxygenation through greenery) obtained through literature reviews for the case studies.

Lee & Maheswaran (2011) highlighted about an evidence-based approach to urban planning is essential where the author search of academic and grey literature was conducted for studies and reviews of the health effects of green space. Articles found were appraised for their relevance, critically reviewed and graded accordingly. Their findings were then thematically categorized. Lee & Maheswaran (2011) stated that there is weak evidence for the links between physical, mental health and well-being, and urban green space. Environmental factors such as the quality and accessibility of green space affects its use for physical activity. User determinants, such as age, gender, ethnicity and the perception of safety, are also important.

Nath et al. (2018) highlighted about the association between urban green space and well-being where the author carried out in three selected parks in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, explored the perception of park users on their health and well-being outcomes associated with urban green space. Nath et al. (2018) stated that the promotion and support for green spaces in Malaysia should be seen as an important public health intervention. Based on the result, the parks provided sufficient space for recreation and leisure facilities. Physical and leisure activities in parks also had a positive influence on stress reduction, mindfulness, physical fitness, maintaining body weight, burning body fat and overall well-being.

However, Fathi et al. restraint their study to the health of community in the urban areas. While Shafray & Kim limited their research about the condition of surrounding in Korea that have different climate with Malaysia. Futhermore, Lee & Maheswaran limited his study to health effects of green space. Nath et al. limited his study to the parks in Kuala Lumpur.

In summary, my study proposes to use the urban morphology design for this project and a suitable pocket park for communities to enhancing the quality of life with suitable condition correlated with Malaysia’s climate in the design. My study propose to use the urban morphology design for this project as the consideration for user comfort and improve the lifestyle and also broaden it to cover other areas including sub urban and inland area. Beside, based on Shafray & Kim (2017) research, my study recommends to use the role of nature-based solution in relation with environmental characteristics in designing the walkable spaces and include the suitable condition correlated with Malaysia’s climate in the design. Additionally, my study propose pocket park for communities in urban areas to do physical activities to improve mental health and well-being. Moreover, my study support Nath et al. (2018) suggestion by enhancing the quality of life for people living in urban areas and providing places for a range of leisure activities.

FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT

Barghchi et al. (2009) Sports Facilities Development: A Case Study of Malaysia. This research aims to investigate the development of the existing sports facilities in Malaysia. Barghchi et al. (2009) stated that keyword about sports facilities development that improved rapidly over the past decade in Malaysia. The findings recommend further research to review and provide specific guidelines and principles for sports facilities in Malaysia to improve future development following the global trend.

Ani et al. (2016) Classification of Basic Facilities for High-Rise Residential: A Survey from 100 Housing Scheme in Kajang Area. The purpose of this paper is to identify and classify basic facilities for high-rise residential building hoping to improve the management of the scheme. Ani et al. (2016) stated that scope of this research is within Kajang area, which is rapidly developed with high-rise housing. The objective of the survey is to list out all facilities in every sample of the schemes. . The result confirmed that predetermined 11 classifications hold true and can provide the realistic classification for high-rise residential scheme. This paper proposed for redefinition of facilities provided to create a better managent system and give a clear definition on the type of high-rise residential based on its facilities.

Abdullah et al. (2016) focus on monitoring the performance of state structure plan in delivering output using dynamic model in Selangor where the authors highlighted that it is important to monitor the performance of plan in delivering its outputs so that the prospect of achieving its outcomes remains high. Abdullah et al. (2016) state that the absence of output monitoring reduces the usefulness of the programmes and contributes to under-provision of outputs, especially public facilities and open spaces. The study proposes that state structure plan monitoring programmes must include mechanism to monitor the performance of the plan in delivering plan outputs. To this end, a dynamic model for monitoring performance of state structure plan in delivering open spaces was developed using STELLA software.

However, Barghchi et al. (2009) limited his study to sports facilities only. Based on my research on the Kajang site, not only the sports facilities need to develop in Kajang. But various other types of facilities such as leisure place for children and old folk, market and traffic flow need to be improve. Beside, Ani et al. (2016) limited his study for high rise resident only. Based on my research on the Kajang site, there also a lot of housing area that need to be provide a complete facilities aroung their area. Abdullah et al. limited their study on public facilities and open spaces that being used.

In summary, my study proposes to use the principles to improve future development and recognized the issues and problems of the unused facilities and open spaces. My study proposes to do some research about facilities at Kajang and give suggestions to provide the complete facilities for Kajang area. My study recommend to use the principles to improve future development of sports facilities following the global trend. Other than that I also recommend Kajang needs other facilities like field, market and the best for traffic flow. Additionally, my study will follow Ani et al. (2016) to need to recognized the issues and problems related to the high rise residential, especially in the aspect of maintenance charges Moreover, my study support Abdullah et al. (2016) with the propose to use the dynamic model for monitoring performance of state structure plan for development of the site and include the unused facilities and open spaces that can be develop.

TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

Abdelfatah, Shah and Puan (2015) evaluates the sustainability of traffic growth in Malaysia where the authors take the numbers of how many registered vehicles is used as an indication of traffic growth. Abdelfatah, Shah and Puan (2015) stated the traffic growth is mainly due to increases in the private cars, motorcycles, while the rate of increase for buses is very small. The percentages for passenger cars and motorcycles are increasing while the percentage of buses is slightly dropping down, which is a negative indication regarding the traffic growth in Malaysia. The trends for the rate of vehicles per capita, unit GDP, and unit length of the road network have been discussed. Abdelfatah, Shah and Puan (2015) suggest that most of the trends indicate that the current growth trends of traffic in Malaysia are unsustainable.

Rahman & Abdullah (2016) emphasize on theorizing the concept of urban public transportation institutional framework in Malaysia where the authors analyse that the development of a country is closely linked with the transportation system facilities thus will have a positive impact on the economic growth and social fabric of a country. Rahman & Abdullah (2016) explained that a practical, efficient and effective transport system includes traffic management, public transport, road network and infrastructure need to be applied in Malaysia. An integrated and comprehensive approach is required as it enhances the regulatory framework, planning structure and level of services delivered.

Othman & Ali (2020) highlighted the transportation and quality of life in Malaysia where the authors indicate that many aspects of transportation are very significant as they have the power to directly influence our way of life in search for a better Quality of Life. Othman & Ali (2020) state that many Malaysians depend on private vehicle transportations to cater their daily travel needs which inevitably leads to an over infiltration of vehicles into the urban area. The study focus on the possible strategies and measures in an attempt to provide a balanced urban that include the land use planning, restricting private automobile and promoting public transportation.

J. Zambrano-Martinez (2019) highlighted about a centralized route-management solution for autonomous vehicles in urban areas where the author implement an efficient solution to control traffic that generates benefits for citizens, such as reducing vehicle journey times. J. Zambrano-Martinez stated that by properly analysing traffic demand, it is possible to predict future traffic conditions, using this information for the optimization of the routes taken by vehicles. Such an approach becomes especially effective if applied in the context of autonomous vehicles, which have a more predictable behaviour, thus enabling city management entities to mitigate the effects of traffic congestion and pollution, thereby improving the traffic flow in a city in a fully centralized manner. This paper represents a step forward towards this novel traffic management paradigm by proposing a route server capable of handling all the traffic in a city, and balancing traffic flows by accounting for present and future traffic congestion conditions.

However, the authors highlighted only the public transports that has been evaluated is bus. Nevertheless, Rahman & Abdullah restraint their study more on theorizing the concept. However, Othman & Ali limited their study in balancing the urban area and excessive use of private transports. However, J. Zambrano-Martinez limited his study to optimize of the routes taken by vehicles in the context of autonomous vehicles.

In summary, my study proposes to apply integrated and comprehensive approach to enhance the transport system and centralized route-management solution to cover other public transports available in Malaysia into rural and sub urban area also the use of public transport. Hence, referring to Abdelfatah, Shah and Puan (2015), my study recommends to use the same method as above and extend to cover other public transports available in Malaysia. Therefore, based on Rahman & Abdullah (2016), my study recommends to use the integrated and comprehensive approach to enhance the transport system and also ensure the practicality of the concept. Beside, based on Othman & Ali (2020), my study recommends to use the strategies and measures to provide a balanced urban which is land use planning, restricting private automobile and promoting public transport and extend them into rural and sub urban area also the use of public transport. Based on J. Zambrano-Martinez (2019), my study recommends to centralized route-management solution is improving the traffic flow in a city by adaptive traffic signals in front of the commercial building to gain better insight about traffic including the length of time cars idle at lights.